Chemistry data booklet Data booklet —

Study edition

Chemistry:
data booklet

The chemistry data booklet, annotated page for page: the same periodic table, the same physical constants and the same numerical data, on the same page numbers as the copy you are given.

First examination
2025

Scope
24 numbered sections plus the update log: equations, constants, the periodic table, element data, thermodynamic data, spectra and reference tables.

How to use it
Section order and page breaks match the original, so the page you revise here is the page you turn to there.

Printing
A4, scale 100%, background graphics on. One sheet prints as one page.

Annotated study edition — always sit the exam with the official booklet your school issues.

Chemistry data booklet study re-creation

02

Chemistry data booklet Data booklet ii

This page is intentionally blank.

Chemistry data booklet blank

03

Chemistry data booklet Data booklet iii

Index

Introduction

This booklet collects the chemical and physical data a Chemistry course leans on: the equations used in calculations, the constants and unit conversions those equations need, the periodic table and the element data behind it, and the thermodynamic, spectroscopic and acid–base tables used in practical work.

It is meant to be used, not memorized. The point of keeping it beside you for the whole course is that you stop spending working memory on the value of a constant or the colour of an indicator at pH 9, and spend it on the chemistry instead. Section 1 is the one worth knowing your way around: the “understandings” statements in the guide refer back to it.

Organization. Sections 1 to 5 are the working tools (equations, constants, multipliers, conversions and the electromagnetic spectrum). Sections 6 to 12 are element data. Sections 13 to 19 cover thermodynamics, bonding and electrochemistry. Sections 20 to 23 are the analytical tables — infrared, NMR, mass spectra and uncertainty propagation — and section 24 lists where the data came from.

In the examination. You are given a clean copy of the official booklet, and it is the only reference you may use. Practise with this one so that finding a value becomes muscle memory: the section numbers, the page breaks and the running foot all match, so page 14 here is page 14 there.

A note on the numbers. Values are quoted to the precision the source table gives, and rounded values are printed as rounded — use them as they stand, and let the uncertainty rules in section 23 decide how many figures an answer deserves. Atomic and ionic radii are quoted in

1 0^{- 12} m

, bond lengths in the same unit, and thermodynamic data at 298.15 K unless a heading says otherwise.

Chemistry data booklet 1

06

Chemistry data booklet Section 1 · Some relevant equations 2

1

Some relevant equations

Quantity	Equation
Speed of light from frequency and wavelength	$c = f λ$
Energy of a photon	$E = h f$
Amount of substance from mass	$n = \frac{m}{M}$
Amount of substance from concentration	$n = C V$
Ideal gas equation	$P V = n R T$
Combined gas equation	$\frac{P_{1} V_{1}}{T_{1}} = \frac{P_{2} V_{2}}{T_{2}}$
Heat energy from specific heat capacity	$Q = m c Δ T$
Percentage atom economy	$% atom economy = \frac{molar mass of desired product}{molar mass of all reactants} \times 100$
Enthalpy change from standard enthalpies of formation	$Δ H^{\circ} = Σ (Δ H_{f}^{\circ} products) - Σ (Δ H_{f}^{\circ} reactants)$
Enthalpy change from standard enthalpies of combustion	$Δ H^{\circ} = Σ (Δ H_{c}^{\circ} reactants) - Σ (Δ H_{c}^{\circ} products)$
Standard Gibbs energy change	$Δ G^{\circ} = Δ H^{\circ} - T Δ S^{\circ}$
Gibbs energy change away from standard conditions	$Δ G = Δ G^{\circ} + R T \ln Q$
Standard Gibbs energy change and the equilibrium constant	$Δ G^{\circ} = - R T \ln K$
Standard Gibbs energy change and cell potential	$Δ G^{\circ} = - n F E^{\circ}$
Arrhenius equation, exponential form	$k = A e^{\frac{- E_{a}}{R T}}$
Arrhenius equation, logarithmic form	$\ln k = \frac{- E_{a}}{R T} + \ln A$
pH of a solution (either form)	$pH = - \log_{10} [H_{3} O^{+}]$ $pH = - \log_{10} [H^{+}]$
Ionic product constant of water	$K_{w} = [H^{+}] [O H^{-}]$
pOH of a solution	$pOH = - \log_{10} [O H^{-}]$

Chemistry data booklet 2

07

Chemistry data booklet Section 2 · Physical constants 3

2

Physical constants

Quantity	Symbol	Approximate value
Elementary charge	$e$	$1.602177 \times 1 0^{- 19} C$
Electron rest mass	$m_{e}$	$9.109384 \times 1 0^{- 31} k g$
Proton rest mass	$m_{p}$	$1.672622 \times 1 0^{- 27} k g$
Neutron rest mass	$m_{n}$	$1.674927 \times 1 0^{- 27} k g$
Speed of light in vacuum	$c$	$3.00 \times 1 0^{8} m s^{- 1}$
Planck constant	$h$	$6.63 \times 1 0^{- 34} J s$
Avogadro constant	$N_{A}$	$6.02 \times 1 0^{23} m o l^{- 1}$
Gas constant	$R$	$8.31 J K^{- 1} m o l^{- 1}$
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP	$V_{m}$	$2.27 \times 1 0^{- 2} m^{3} m o l^{- 1} = 22.7 d m^{3} m o l^{- 1}$
Specific heat capacity of water	$c_{w}$	$4.18 k J k g^{- 1} K^{- 1} = 4.18 J g^{- 1} K^{- 1}$
Ionic product constant for water at 298.15 K	$K_{w}$	$1.00 \times 1 0^{- 14} m o l^{2} d m^{- 6}$
Faraday constant	$F$	$9.65 \times 1 0^{4} C m o l^{- 1}$

Chemistry data booklet 3

08

Chemistry data booklet Section 3 · Metric (SI) multipliers 4

3

Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix	Abbreviation	Value
peta	P	$1 0^{15}$
tera	T	$1 0^{12}$
giga	G	$1 0^{9}$
mega	M	$1 0^{6}$
kilo	k	$1 0^{3}$
hecto	h	$1 0^{2}$
deca	da	$1 0^{1}$
deci	d	$1 0^{- 1}$
centi	c	$1 0^{- 2}$
milli	m	$1 0^{- 3}$
micro	µ	$1 0^{- 6}$
nano	n	$1 0^{- 9}$
pico	p	$1 0^{- 12}$
femto	f	$1 0^{- 15}$

Multiply the unit by the value:

1 k m = 1 \times 1 0^{3} m

, and

1 µ m = 1 \times 1 0^{- 6} m

. The prefix belongs to the unit it is written against, so

c^{m 3}

means

(1 0^{- 2} m)^{3} = 1 0^{- 6} m^{3}

, not

1 0^{- 2} m^{3}

.

Chemistry data booklet 4

09

Chemistry data booklet Sections 4–5 · Conversions and the spectrum 5

4

Unit conversions and standard conditions

Quantity	Relationship
Temperature in kelvin	$temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273.15$
Volume	$1 d m^{3} = 1 litre = 1 \times 1 0^{- 3} m^{3} = 1 \times 1 0^{3} c m^{3}$
Standard temperature and pressure	$STP : 273.15 K and 100 k P a$
Standard ambient temperature and pressure	$SATP : 298.15 K and 100 k P a$

5

The electromagnetic spectrum

Wavelength increases to the right, energy to the left; the visible window is opened out below the axis.

Chemistry data booklet 5

10

Chemistry data booklet Section 6 · Names of the elements 6

6

Names of the elements

Z	Sym	Element
89	Ac	actinium
13	Al	aluminium
95	Am	americium
51	Sb	antimony
18	Ar	argon
33	As	arsenic
85	At	astatine
56	Ba	barium
97	Bk	berkelium
4	Be	beryllium
83	Bi	bismuth
107	Bh	bohrium
5	B	boron
35	Br	bromine
48	Cd	cadmium
55	Cs	caesium
20	Ca	calcium
98	Cf	californium
6	C	carbon
58	Ce	cerium
17	Cl	chlorine
24	Cr	chromium
27	Co	cobalt
112	Cn	copernicium
29	Cu	copper
96	Cm	curium
110	Ds	darmstadtium
105	Db	dubnium

Z	Sym	Element
66	Dy	dysprosium
99	Es	einsteinium
68	Er	erbium
63	Eu	europium
100	Fm	fermium
114	Fl	flerovium
9	F	fluorine
87	Fr	francium
64	Gd	gadolinium
31	Ga	gallium
32	Ge	germanium
79	Au	gold
72	Hf	hafnium
108	Hs	hassium
2	He	helium
67	Ho	holmium
1	H	hydrogen
49	In	indium
53	I	iodine
77	Ir	iridium
26	Fe	iron
36	Kr	krypton
57	La	lanthanum
103	Lr	lawrencium
82	Pb	lead
3	Li	lithium
116	Lv	livermorium
71	Lu	lutetium

Alphabetical by element name: actinium to lutetium on this page, magnesium to zirconium on the next. The Z column is the atomic number, so a name here leads straight to that element's data elsewhere in the booklet.

Chemistry data booklet 6

11

Chemistry data booklet Section 6 · Names of the elements 7

6

Names of the elements (continued)

Z	Sym	Element
12	Mg	magnesium
25	Mn	manganese
109	Mt	meitnerium
101	Md	mendelevium
80	Hg	mercury
42	Mo	molybdenum
115	Mc	moscovium
60	Nd	neodymium
10	Ne	neon
93	Np	neptunium
28	Ni	nickel
113	Nh	nihonium
41	Nb	niobium
7	N	nitrogen
102	No	nobelium
118	Og	oganesson
76	Os	osmium
8	O	oxygen
46	Pd	palladium
15	P	phosphorus
78	Pt	platinum
94	Pu	plutonium
84	Po	polonium
19	K	potassium
59	Pr	praseodymium
61	Pm	promethium
91	Pa	protactinium
88	Ra	radium
86	Rn	radon
75	Re	rhenium
45	Rh	rhodium

Z	Sym	Element
111	Rg	roentgenium
37	Rb	rubidium
44	Ru	ruthenium
104	Rf	rutherfordium
62	Sm	samarium
21	Sc	scandium
106	Sg	seaborgium
34	Se	selenium
14	Si	silicon
47	Ag	silver
11	Na	sodium
38	Sr	strontium
16	S	sulfur
73	Ta	tantalum
43	Tc	technetium
52	Te	tellurium
117	Ts	tennessine
65	Tb	terbium
81	Tl	thallium
90	Th	thorium
69	Tm	thulium
50	Sn	tin
22	Ti	titanium
74	W	tungsten
92	U	uranium
23	V	vanadium
54	Xe	xenon
70	Yb	ytterbium
39	Y	yttrium
30	Zn	zinc
40	Zr	zirconium

Chemistry data booklet 7

12

Chemistry data booklet Section 7 · The periodic table 8

7

The periodic table

123456789101112131415161718

1H1.01

2He4.00

3Li6.94

4Be9.01

5B10.81

6C12.01

7N14.01

8O16.00

9F19.00

10Ne20.18

11Na22.99

12Mg24.31

13Al26.98

14Si28.09

15P30.97

16S32.07

17Cl35.45

18Ar39.95

19K39.10

20Ca40.08

21Sc44.96

22Ti47.87

23V50.94

24Cr52.00

25Mn54.94

26Fe55.85

27Co58.93

28Ni58.69

29Cu63.55

30Zn65.38

31Ga69.72

32Ge72.63

33As74.92

34Se78.96

35Br79.90

36Kr83.80

37Rb85.47

38Sr87.62

39Y88.91

40Zr91.22

41Nb92.91

42Mo95.96

43Tc(98)

44Ru101.07

45Rh102.91

46Pd106.42

47Ag107.87

48Cd112.41

49In114.82

50Sn118.71

51Sb121.76

52Te127.60

53I126.90

54Xe131.29

55Cs132.91

56Ba137.33

57La†138.91

72Hf178.49

73Ta180.95

74W183.84

75Re186.21

76Os190.23

77Ir192.22

78Pt195.08

79Au196.97

80Hg200.59

81Tl204.38

82Pb207.20

83Bi208.98

84Po(209)

85At(210)

86Rn(222)

87Fr(223)

88Ra(226)

89Ac‡(227)

104Rf(267)

105Db(268)

106Sg(269)

107Bh(270)

108Hs(269)

109Mt(278)

110Ds(281)

111Rg(281)

112Cn(285)

113Nh(286)

114Fl(289)

115Mc(288)

116Lv(293)

117Ts(294)

118Og(294)

58Ce140.12

59Pr140.91

60Nd144.24

61Pm(145)

62Sm150.36

63Eu151.96

64Gd157.25

65Tb158.93

66Dy162.50

67Ho164.93

68Er167.26

69Tm168.93

70Yb173.05

71Lu174.97

90Th232.04

91Pa231.04

92U238.03

93Np(237)

94Pu(244)

95Am(243)

96Cm(247)

97Bk(247)

98Cf(251)

99Es(252)

100Fm(257)

101Md(258)

102No(259)

103Lr(262)

Atomic number top leftSymbol centreRelative atomic mass below† lanthanides ‡ actinides

A mass in brackets is the mass number of the longest-lived isotope, not a standard atomic weight, because no stable isotope exists. The two detached rows hold the lanthanides (58–71) and the actinides (90–103); lanthanum and actinium stay in group 3, marked † and ‡. Values as printed on page 8 of the source booklet.

Chemistry data booklet 8

13

Chemistry data booklet Section 8 · Melting and boiling points 9

8

Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa

123456789101112131415161718

−259.2H−252.9

He−268.9

180.5Li1342

1287Be2468

2077B4000

3500C4827

−210.0N−195.8

−218.8O−183.0

−219.7F−188.1

−248.6Ne−246.0

97.79Na882.9

650.0Mg1090

660.3Al2519

1414Si3265

44.15P280.5

115.2S444.6

−101.5Cl−34.04

−189.3Ar−185.8

63.38K758.8

842.0Ca1484

1541Sc2836

1670Ti3287

1910V3407

1907Cr2671

1246Mn2061

1538Fe2861

1495Co2927

1455Ni2913

1085Cu2560

419.5Zn907.0

29.77Ga2229

938.2Ge2833

816.8As613.0

220.8Se684.8

−7.050Br58.78

−157.4Kr−153.4

39.30Rb687.8

768.8Sr1377

1522Y3345

1854Zr4406

2477Nb4741

2622Mo4639

2157Tc4262

2333Ru4147

1963Rh3695

1555Pd2963

961.8Ag2162

321.1Cd766.8

156.6In2027

231.9Sn2586

630.6Sb1587

449.5Te987.8

113.7I184.4

−111.8Xe−108.1

28.44Cs670.8

725.0Ba1845

920.0La†3464

2233Hf4600

3017Ta5455

3414W5555

3453Re5900

3033Os5008

2446Ir4428

1768Pt3825

1064Au2836

−38.83Hg356.6

303.8Tl1473

327.5Pb1749

271.4Bi1564

253.8Po962.0

301.8At336.8

−71.15Rn−61.85

27.00Fr676.8

699.8Ra1140

1050Ac‡3200

795Ce3433

935Pr3510

1024Nd3074

1042Pm(2730)

1072Sm1791

826Eu1596

1313Gd3273

1360Tb3230

1410Dy2567

1472Ho2694

1529Er2900

1545Tm1950

824Yb1194

1663Lu3402

1750Th4788

1572Pa(4000)

1135U3818

637Np(3900)

640Pu3230

1176Am(2067)

1340Cm3110

986Bk(2623)

900Cf

(860)Es

Fm

827Md

No

Lr

Melting point / °C above the symbolBoiling point / °C below itAt 101.325 kPa† lanthanides ‡ actinides

An empty line means the source table records no value at that pressure: helium has no melting point at 101.325 kPa, so only its boiling point is printed, and no value is listed for francium to actinium beyond radium, nor for the elements past lawrencium.

Chemistry data booklet 9

14

Chemistry data booklet Section 9 · Ionization energy and electronegativity 10

9

First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

123456789101112131415161718

1312 −73H2.2

2372He

520 −60Li1.0

900Be1.6

801 −27B2.0

1086 −122C2.6

1402N3.0

1314 −141(+753)O3.4

1681 −328F4.0

2081Ne

496 −53Na0.9

738Mg1.3

578 −42Al1.6

787 −134Si1.9

1012 −72P2.2

1000 −200(+545)S2.6

1251 −349Cl3.2

1520Ar

419 −48K0.8

590 −2Ca1.0

633 −18Sc1.4

659 −8Ti1.5

651 −51V1.6

653 −64Cr1.7

717Mn1.6

762 −15Fe1.8

760 −64Co1.9

737 −112Ni1.9

745 −119Cu1.9

906Zn1.6

579 −41Ga1.8

762 −119Ge2.0

944 −78As2.2

941 −195Se2.6

1140 −325Br3.0

1351Kr

403 −47Rb0.8

549 −5Sr1.0

600 −30Y1.2

640 −41Zr1.3

652 −88Nb1.6

684 −72Mo2.2

702 −53Tc2.1

710 −101Ru2.2

720 −110Rh2.3

804 −54Pd2.2

731 −126Ag1.9

868Cd1.7

558 −29In1.8

709 −107Sn2.0

831 −101Sb2.0

869 −190Te2.1

1008 −295I2.7

1170Xe

376 −46Cs0.8

503 −14Ba0.9

538 −45La†1.1

659 −1Hf1.3

728 −31Ta1.5

759 −79W1.7

756 −14Re1.9

814 −106Os2.2

865 −151Ir2.2

864 −205Pt2.2

890 −223Au2.4

1007Hg1.9

589 −36Tl1.8

716 −35Pb1.8

703 −91Bi1.9

812 −183Po2.0

−270At2.2

1037Rn

393 −47Fr0.7

509 −10Ra0.9

499 −34Ac‡1.1

534 −63Ce1.1

528 −93Pr1.1

533 −185Nd1.1

539Pm

545Sm1.2

547 −83Eu

593Gd1.2

566 −112Tb

573 < 0Dy1.2

581Ho1.2

589Er1.2

597 −99Tm1.3

603 2Yb

524 −33Lu1.0

609Th1.3

568Pa1.5

598U1.7

605Np1.3

581Pu1.3

576Am

578Cm

598Bk

606Cf

619Es

627Fm

635Md

642No

473Lr

IE first ionization energy / kJ mol⁻¹EA electron affinity / kJ mol⁻¹, second one bracketedEN electronegativity below the symbol† lanthanides ‡ actinides

A blank line means the source table leaves that value empty: the noble gases have no electron affinity, beryllium and nitrogen have none either, and several of the heavier elements have no Pauling electronegativity. Dysprosium is printed as

< 0

because its affinity is negative, and the source prints ytterbium's as 2.

Chemistry data booklet 10

15

Chemistry data booklet Section 10 · Atomic and ionic radii 11

10

Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

123456789101112131415161718

32H

37He

130Li76 (1+)

99Be45 (2+)

84B27 (3+)

75C16 (4+)

71N146 (3−)

64O140 (2−)

60F133 (1−)

62Ne

160Na102 (1+)

140Mg72 (2+)

124Al54 (3+)

114Si40 (4+)

109P38 (5+)

104S184 (2−)

100Cl181 (1−)

101Ar

200K138 (1+)

174Ca100 (2+)

159Sc75 (3+)

148Ti86 (2+)61 (4+)

144V79 (2+)54 (5+)

130Cr62 (3+)44 (6+)

129Mn83 (2+)53 (4+)

124Fe61 (2+)55 (3+)

118Co65 (2+)55 (3+)

117Ni69 (2+)

122Cu77 (1+)73 (2+)

120Zn74 (2+)

123Ga62 (3+)

120Ge53 (4+)272 (4−)

120As58 (3+)46 (5+)

118Se198 (2−)

117Br196 (1−)

116Kr

215Rb152 (1+)

190Sr118 (2+)

176Y90 (3+)

164Zr72 (4+)

156Nb72 (3+)64 (5+)

146Mo65 (4+)

138Tc65 (4+)

136Ru68 (3+)62 (4+)

134Rh67 (3+)60 (4+)

130Pd86 (2+)62 (4+)

136Ag115 (1+)

140Cd95 (2+)

142In80 (+3)

140Sn118 (2+)69 (4+)

140Sb76 (3+)

137Te221 (2−)

136I220 (1−)

136Xe

238Cs167 (1+)

206Ba135 (2+)

194La†103 (3+)

164Hf71 (4+)

158Ta64 (5+)

150W66 (4+)60 (6+)

141Re63 (4+)53 (7+)

136Os63 (4+)55 (6+)

132Ir68 (3+)63 (4+)

130Pt80 (2+)63 (4+)

130Au137 (1+)85 (3+)

132Hg119 (1+)102 (2+)

144Tl150 (1+)89 (3+)

145Pb119 (2+)78 (4+)

150Bi103 (3+)76 (5+)

142Po97 (4+)

148At

146Rn

242Fr

211Ra

201Ac‡

184Ce101 (3+)87 (4+)

190Pr99 (3+)85 (4+)

188Nd98 (3+)

186Pm97 (3+)

185Sm96 (3+)

183Eu117 (2+)95 (3+)

182Gd94 (3+)

181Tb92 (3+)76 (4+)

180Dy91 (3+)

179Ho90 (+3)

177Er89 (3+)

177Tm88 (3+)

178Yb87 (3+)

174Lu86 (3+)

190Th94 (4+)

184Pa104 (3+)90 (4+)

183U89 (4+)73 (6+)

180Np101 (3+)87 (4+)

180Pu100 (3+)86 (4+)

173Am98 (3+)85 (4+)

168Cm97 (3+)

168Bk96 (3+)

168Cf95 (3+)

165Es

167Fm

173Md

176No110 (2+)

161Lr

All radii in

1 0^{- 12} m

Atomic radius above the symbolIonic radius and charge below it† lanthanides ‡ actinides

The atomic radius used here is the covalent radius. An element with more than one common ion shows one line per charge, so iron reads 61 (2+) and 55 (3+). A blank line means the source lists no value, which is the case for the noble gases and for most of the elements past lawrencium.

Chemistry data booklet 11

16

Chemistry data booklet Section 11 · Covalent bond lengths 12

11

Covalent or average covalent bond lengths

Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$
H ― H	74	N ― H	101	Si ― H	148	S ― H	134
H ― F	92	N ― N	146	Si ― Si	232	S ― S	205
H ― Cl	128	N ― O	136	Si ― S	215	S ― F	158
H ― Br	141	N ― Si	174	Si ― F	156	S ― Cl	199
H ― I	160	N ― S	175	Si ― Cl	202	S ― Br	227
		N ― F	136	Si ― Br	216
C ― H	108	N ― Cl	197	Si ― I	243	F ― F	142
C ― C	154	N ― Br	214			F ― Cl	163
C ― N	147			P ― H	142	F ― Br	176
C ― O	143	O ― H	97	P ― P	221	F ― I	191
C ― Si	185	O ― O	148	P ― S	210
C ― P	184	O ― Si	163	P ― F	154	Cl ― Cl	199
C ― S	182	O ― P	154	P ― Cl	203	Cl ― Br	214
C ― F	138	O ― S	161	P ― Br	220	Cl ― I	232
C ― Cl	177	O ― F	142	P ― I	247
C ― Br	194	O ― Cl	170			Br ― Br	228
C ― I	214					Br ― I	247

						I ― I	267

Double bonds

Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$
C=C	134	N=N	125	O=O	121
C=N	130	N=O	114	O=S	143
C=O	122
C=S	156			S=S	189

Triple bonds

Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$	Bond	$length / 1 0^{- 12} m$
C≡C	120	N≡N	110
C≡N	116
C≡O	113

Bond lengths in

1 0^{- 12} m

(picometres). Values are averages: the length of a bond varies a little with the compound it sits in, so a single figure stands for the usual case. Shorter bonds hold more energy.

Chemistry data booklet 12

17

Chemistry data booklet Section 12 · Bond enthalpies 13

12

Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies at 298.15 K

Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$
H ― H	436	N ― H	391	Si ― H	323	S ― H	364
H ― F	567	N ― N	158	Si ― Si	226	S ― S	266
H ― Cl	431	N ― O	214	Si ― S	293	S ― F	327
H ― Br	366	N ― F	278	Si ― F	597	S ― Cl	271
H ― I	298	N ― Cl	192	Si ― Cl	400	S ― Br	218
				Si ― Br	330
C ― H	414	O ― H	463	Si ― I	234	F ― F	159
C ― C	346	O ― O	144			F ― Cl	255
C ― N	286	O ― Si	466	P ― H	322	F ― Br	249
C ― O	358	O ― P	363	P ― P	198	F ― I	280
C ― Si	307	O ― F	191	P ― F	490
C ― P	264	O ― Cl	206	P ― Cl	322	Cl ― Cl	242
C ― S	289	O ― Br	201	P ― Br	264	Cl ― Br	219
C ― F	492	O ― I	201	P ― I	184	Cl ― I	211
C ― Cl	324
C ― Br	285					Br ― Br	193
C ― I	228					Br ― I	178

						I ― I	151

Double bonds

Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$
C=C	614	N=N	470	O=O	498
C=N	615	N=O	587	O=S	522
C=O	804
C=S	536			S=S	429

Triple bonds

Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Bond	$enthalpy / k J m o l^{- 1}$
C≡C	839	N≡N	945
C≡N	890
C≡O	1077

Enthalpy in kJ mol⁻¹ at 298.15 K: the energy needed to break one mole of the bond with everything in the gas phase. The values are averages over the compounds that contain the bond, which is what makes them usable in a Hess cycle estimate.

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Chemistry data booklet Section 13 · Thermodynamic data 14

13

Thermodynamic data (selected compounds)

Substance	Formula	State	$Δ H_{f}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$	$Δ G_{f}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$	$S^{\circ} / J K^{- 1} m o l^{- 1}$
methane	${CH}_{4}$	g	−74	−50	+186
ethane	$C_{2} H_{6}$	g	−84	−32	+230
propane	$C_{3} H_{8}$	g	−105	−24	+270
butane	$C_{4} H_{10}$	g	−126	−17	+310
pentane	$C_{5} H_{12}$	l	−173	—	—
hexane	$C_{6} H_{14}$	l	−199	—	—
ethene	$C_{2} H_{4}$	g	+52	+68	+220
propene	$C_{3} H_{6}$	g	+20	+62	+267
but-1-ene	$C_{4} H_{8}$	g	+0.1	+71	+306
cis-but-2-ene	$C_{4} H_{8}$	g	−7	+66	+301
trans-but-2-ene	$C_{4} H_{8}$	g	−11	+63	+297
ethyne	$C_{2} H_{2}$	g	+228	+211	+201
propyne	$C_{3} H_{4}$	g	+185	+194	+248
buta-1,3-diene	$C_{4} H_{6}$	g	+110	+151	+279
cyclohexane	$C_{6} H_{12}$	l	−156	—	—
benzene	$C_{6} H_{6}$	l	+49	+125	+173
methylbenzene	$C_{6} H_{5} {CH}_{3}$	l	+12	—	—
ethylbenzene	$C_{6} H_{5} {CH}_{2} {CH}_{3}$	l	−12	—	—
phenylethene	$C_{6} H_{5} {CHCH}_{2}$	l	+104	—	—
chloromethane	${CH}_{3} Cl$	g	−82	−58	+235
dichloromethane	${CH}_{2} {Cl}_{2}$	l	−124	—	+178
trichloromethane	${CHCl}_{3}$	l	−134	−74	+202
bromomethane	${CH}_{3} Br$	g	−36	−26	+246
iodomethane	${CH}_{3} I$	l	−14	—	+163
chloroethane	$C_{2} H_{5} Cl$	g	−137	−53	—
bromoethane	$C_{2} H_{5} Br$	l	−90	−26	+199
chlorobenzene	$C_{6} H_{5} Cl$	l	+11	—	—
methanol	${CH}_{3} OH$	l	−239	−167	+127
ethanol	$C_{2} H_{5} OH$	l	−278	−175	+161
phenol	$C_{6} H_{5} OH$	s	−165	—	+144
methanal	$HCHO$	g	−109	−102	+219
ethanal	${CH}_{3} CHO$	g	−166	−133	+264
propanone	${(CH}_{3})_{2} CO$	l	−248	—	+200
methanoic acid	$HCOOH$	l	−425	−361	+129
ethanoic acid	${CH}_{3} COOH$	l	−484	−390	+160
benzoic acid	$C_{6} H_{5} COOH$	s	−385	—	+168
methylamine	${CH}_{3} {NH}_{2}$	g	−23	+32	+243
water	$H_{2} O$	l	−286	−237	+70
steam	$H_{2} O$	g	−242	−229	+189
carbon monoxide	$CO$	g	−111	−137	+198
carbon dioxide	${CO}_{2}$	g	−394	−394	+214
hydrogen bromide	$HBr$	g	−36	−53	+199
hydrogen chloride	$HCl$	g	−92	−95	+187
hydrogen fluoride	$HF$	g	−273	−275	+174
hydrogen iodide	$HI$	g	+26	+2	+207

Standard enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation and standard molar entropies at 298.15 K. A dash means the source table gives no value. Elements in their standard states are the zero of the enthalpy and Gibbs energy scales.

Chemistry data booklet 14

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Chemistry data booklet Section 14 · Enthalpies of combustion 15

14

Enthalpies of combustion

Standard molar enthalpy of combustion at 298.15 K and 100 kPa; the enthalpy change when one mole of the substance burns completely in oxygen, so every value is negative.

Substance	Formula	State	$Δ H_{c}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$	Substance	Formula	State	$Δ H_{c}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$
hydrogen	$H_{2}$	g	−286	propan-1-ol	$C_{3} H_{7} OH$	l	−2021
sulfur	$S$	s	−297	butan-1-ol	$C_{4} H_{9} OH$	l	−2676
carbon (graphite)	$C$	s	−394	cyclohexanol	$C_{6} H_{11} OH$	s	−3728
carbon monoxide	$CO$	g	−283	phenol	$C_{6} H_{5} OH$	s	−3053
methane	${CH}_{4}$	g	−891	ethoxyethane	${(C}_{2} H_{5})_{2} O$	l	−2724
ethane	$C_{2} H_{6}$	g	−1561	methanal	$HCHO$	g	−571
propane	$C_{3} H_{8}$	g	−2219	ethanal	${CH}_{3} CHO$	g	−1167
butane	$C_{4} H_{10}$	g	−2878	benzaldehyde	$C_{6} H_{5} CHO$	l	−3525
pentane	$C_{5} H_{12}$	l	−3509	propanone	${(CH}_{3})_{2} CO$	l	−1790
hexane	$C_{6} H_{14}$	l	−4163	pentan-3-one	${(C}_{2} H_{5})_{2} CO$	l	−3100
octane	$C_{8} H_{18}$	l	−5470	phenylethanone	${CH}_{3} {COC}_{6} H_{5}$	l	−4149
cyclohexane	$C_{6} H_{12}$	l	−3920	methanoic acid	$HCOOH$	l	−255
ethene	$C_{2} H_{4}$	g	−1411	ethanoic acid	${CH}_{3} COOH$	l	−874
buta-1,3-diene	$C_{4} H_{6}$	g	−2541	benzoic acid	$C_{6} H_{5} COOH$	s	−3228
ethyne	$C_{2} H_{2}$	g	−1301	ethanedioic acid	${(COOH)}_{2}$	s	−243
benzene	$C_{6} H_{6}$	l	−3268	ethyl ethanoate	${CH}_{3} {COOC}_{2} H_{5}$	l	−2238
methylbenzene	$C_{6} H_{5} {CH}_{3}$	l	−3910	ethanamide	${CH}_{3} {CONH}_{2}$	s	−1186
naphthalene	$C_{10} H_{8}$	s	−5156	methylamine	${CH}_{3} {NH}_{2}$	g	−1086
chloroethane	$C_{2} H_{5} Cl$	g	−1413	phenylamine	$C_{6} H_{5} {NH}_{2}$	l	−3393
iodoethane	$C_{2} H_{5} I$	l	−1463	nitrobenzene	$C_{6} H_{5} {NO}_{2}$	l	−3088
trichloromethane	${CHCl}_{3}$	l	−473	urea	${CO(NH}_{2})_{2}$	s	−633
methanol	${CH}_{3} OH$	l	−726	glucose	$C_{6} H_{12} O_{6}$	s	−2803
ethanol	$C_{2} H_{5} OH$	l	−1367	sucrose	$C_{12} H_{22} O_{11}$	s	−5640

Chemistry data booklet 15

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Chemistry data booklet Section 15 · Colour wheel 16

15

Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible spectrum

Colour	Wavelength
Red	647–700 nm
Orange	585–647 nm
Yellow	575–585 nm
Green	491–575 nm
Blue	424–491 nm
Violet	400–424 nm

Each boundary is a wavelength where the eye stops calling one colour by its old name. The wheel is continuous: 400 nm and 700 nm meet on the left, so red at 700 nm is next to violet at 400 nm.

Chemistry data booklet 16

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Chemistry data booklet Section 16 · Lattice enthalpies 17

16

Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental values)

The lattice enthalpy is the energy needed to pull one mole of an ionic solid apart into gaseous ions at an infinite separation, so the process is endothermic and the values are positive. All of them were obtained experimentally, through a Born–Haber cycle.

M_{a} X_{b} (s) \to a M^{b +} (g) + b X^{a -} (g)

Alkali metal halides · kJ mol⁻¹

	$F^{-}$	$C l^{-}$	$B r^{-}$	$I^{-}$
Li	1049	864	820	764
Na	930	790	754	705
K	829	720	691	650
Rb	795	695	668	632
Cs	759	670	647	613

Other substances · kJ mol⁻¹

Compound	$Δ H_{l a t t i c e}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$
${CaF}_{2}$	2651
${BeCl}_{2}$	3033
${MgCl}_{2}$	2540
${CaCl}_{2}$	2271
${SrCl}_{2}$	2170
${BaCl}_{2}$	2069
$MgO$	3791
$CaO$	3401

Compound	$Δ H_{l a t t i c e}^{\circ} / k J m o l^{- 1}$
$SrO$	3223
$BaO$	3054
${CuCl}_{2}$	2824
$AgF$	974
$AgCl$	918
$AgBr$	905
$AgI$	892

Chemistry data booklet 17

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Chemistry data booklet Section 17 · Triangular bonding diagram 18

17

Triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle)

Electronegativity difference

$Δ χ = | χ_{a} - χ_{b} |$

Average electronegativity

$Σ χ = \frac{(χ_{a} + χ_{b})}{2}$

Ionic character

$Δ χ$	% covalent	% ionic
3.0	8	92
2.5	25	75
2.0	50	50
1.0	75	25
0	100	0

Plot a compound by its electronegativity difference against the average electronegativity of the two atoms. Bottom left, where the atoms are alike and both weakly electronegative, bonding is metallic; bottom right, where they are alike but strongly electronegative, it is covalent; the further up the triangle, the more the difference in electronegativity pushes the bond towards ionic. The boundaries are guides, not fences.

Chemistry data booklet 18

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Chemistry data booklet Section 18 · Acid–base indicators 19

18

Acid–base indicators

Indicator	$p K_{a}$	pH range	Colour in acid	Colour in alkali
methyl orange	3.7	3.1–4.4	red	yellow
bromophenol blue	4.2	3.0–4.6	yellow	blue
bromocresol green	4.7	4.0–5.6	yellow	blue
methyl red	5.1	4.4–6.2	red	yellow
bromothymol blue	7.0	6.0–7.6	yellow	blue
phenol red	7.9	6.4–8.0	yellow	red
phenolphthalein	9.6	8.0–10.0	colourless	pink

The pH range is where the indicator is changing colour, so it is the range over which it is useful for a titration. Pick one whose range straddles the pH at the equivalence point, and remember that the colour you see is the one the indicator has on the far side of the range.

Chemistry data booklet 19

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Chemistry data booklet Section 19 · Standard reduction potentials 20

19

Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K

Oxidized species	Reduced species	$E^{\circ} / V$
$L i^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$L i (s)$	−3.04
$K^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$K (s)$	−2.93
$C a^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$C a (s)$	−2.87
$N a^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$N a (s)$	−2.71
$M g^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$M g (s)$	−2.37
$A l^{3 +} (a q) + 3 e^{-}$	$A l (s)$	−1.66
$M n^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$M n (s)$	−1.18
$H_{2} O (l) + e^{-}$	$\frac{1}{2} H_{2} (g) + O H^{-} (a q)$	−0.83
$Z n^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$Z n (s)$	−0.76
$F e^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$F e (s)$	−0.45
$N i^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$N i (s)$	−0.26
$S n^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$S n (s)$	−0.14
$P b^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$P b (s)$	−0.13
$H^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$\frac{1}{2} H_{2} (g)$	0.00
$C u^{2 +} (a q) + e^{-}$	$C u^{+} (a q)$	+0.15
$S O_{4}^{2 -} (a q) + 4 H^{+} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$H_{2} S O_{3} (a q) + H_{2} O (l)$	+0.17
$C u^{2 +} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$C u (s)$	+0.34
$\frac{1}{2} O_{2} (g) + H_{2} O (l) + 2 e^{-}$	$2 O H^{-} (a q)$	+0.40
$C u^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$C u (s)$	+0.52
$\frac{1}{2} I_{2} (s) + e^{-}$	$I^{-} (a q)$	+0.54
$F e^{3 +} (a q) + e^{-}$	$F e^{2 +} (a q)$	+0.77
$A g^{+} (a q) + e^{-}$	$A g (s)$	+0.80
$\frac{1}{2} B r_{2} (l) + e^{-}$	$B r^{-} (a q)$	+1.09
$\frac{1}{2} O_{2} (g) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + 2 e^{-}$	$H_{2} O (l)$	+1.23
$C r_{2} O_{7}^{2 -} (a q) + 14 H^{+} (a q) + 6 e^{-}$	$2 C r^{3 +} (a q) + 7 H_{2} O (l)$	+1.36
$\frac{1}{2} C l_{2} (g) + e^{-}$	$C l^{-} (a q)$	+1.36
$M n O_{4}^{-} (a q) + 8 H^{+} (a q) + 5 e^{-}$	$M n^{2 +} (a q) + 4 H_{2} O (l)$	+1.51
$\frac{1}{2} F_{2} (g) + e^{-}$	$F^{-} (a q)$	+2.87

Each line is a reduction half-equation and its standard electrode potential against the hydrogen electrode, in volts, at 298.15 K with all species at unit activity. A more positive potential means the left-hand species takes electrons more readily, so it oxidizes the species below it.

Chemistry data booklet 20

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Chemistry data booklet Section 20 · Infrared data 21

20

Infrared data

Characteristic stretching ranges for organic molecules; below 1500 cm⁻¹ the fingerprint region identifies the whole molecule rather than a single bond.

Bond	Types of organic molecules	$wavenumber / c m^{- 1}$	Intensity
$C — I$	iodoalkanes	490–620	strong
$C — B r$	bromoalkanes	500–600	strong
$C — C l$	chloroalkanes	600–800	strong
$C — F$	fluoroalkanes	1000–1400	strong
$C — O$	alcohols, esters, ethers	1050–1410	strong
$C = C$	alkenes	1620–1680	medium–weak; multiple bands
$C = O$	aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters	1700–1750	strong
$C \equiv C$	alkynes	2100–2260	variable
$O — H$	carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)	2500–3000	strong, very broad
$C — H$	alkanes, alkenes, arenes	2850–3090	strong
$O — H$	alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)	3200–3600	strong, broad
$N — H$	primary amines	3300–3500	medium; two bands

Wavenumber / cm⁻¹ decreasing to the right; each bar is one of the ranges above, drawn to scale, and the shaded zone is the fingerprint region.

Chemistry data booklet 21

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Chemistry data booklet Section 21 · ¹H NMR data 22

21

¹H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shifts, δ, in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS). R is an alkyl group, Hal is F, Cl, Br or I, and arene stands for an aromatic ring. Solvent, concentration and hydrogen bonding all move a shift a little, which is why the table gives ranges.

Type of proton	$chemical shift / p p m$
$— C H_{3}$	0.9–1.0
$— C H_{2} — R$	1.3–1.4
$— C H R_{2}$	1.5
$R O — C (= O) — C H_{2} —$	2.0–2.5
$R — C (= O) — C H_{2} —$	2.2–2.7
$a r e n e — C H_{3}$	2.5–3.5
$— C \equiv C — H$	1.8–3.1
$— C H_{2} — H a l$	3.5–4.4
$R — O — C H_{2} —$	3.3–3.7
$R — C (= O) — O — C H_{2} —$	3.7–4.8
$R — C (= O) — O — H$	9.0–13.0
$R — O — H$	1.0–6.0
$— C H = C H_{2}$	4.5–6.0
$a r e n e — O H$	4.0–12.0
$a r e n e — H$	6.9–9.0
$R — C (= O) — H$	9.4–10.0

Chemistry data booklet 22

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Chemistry data booklet Sections 22–23 · Mass spectra and uncertainties 23

22

Mass spectral fragments lost

$mass lost (M_{r})$	Possible neutral fragment lost
15	$• C H_{3}$
17	$• O H$
18	$H_{2} O$
28	$C H_{2} = C H_{2}$ $C O$
29	$• C H_{2} C H_{3}$ $• C H O$
31	$• O C H_{3}$
45	$• C O O H$

23

Uncertainties

If	Then
$y = a \pm b$	$Δ y = Δ a + Δ b$
$y = \frac{a b}{c}$	$\frac{Δ y}{y} = \frac{Δ a}{a} + \frac{Δ b}{b} + \frac{Δ c}{c}$
$y = a^{n}$	$\frac{Δ y}{y} = \| n \frac{Δ a}{a} \|$

The same rules written out: absolute uncertainties add when quantities are added or subtracted, fractional uncertainties add when they are multiplied or divided, and a power multiplies the fractional uncertainty by the power. Quote the result to the same number of decimal places, or the same number of significant figures, as the least precise measurement in it.

Chemistry data booklet 23

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Chemistry data booklet Section 24 · References 24

24

References

The data in sections 7 to 14 and 16 to 22 come, wholly or in part, from the reference works below. The triangular bonding diagram in section 17 follows the treatment published by the author named last. These are the citations as the source booklet gives them.

Blackman, A., Gahan, L. R., Aylward, G. H., & Findlay, T. J. V. (2014). Aylward and Findlay’s SI Chemical Data (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2021). NIST Chemistry WebBook SRD 69, NIST Standard Reference Database. U.S. Department of Commerce. http://webbook.nist.gov
Rumble, J. R. (Ed.). (2019). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (100th ed.). CRC Press.
Leach, M. R. (2021). The Chemogenesis Web Book: Timeline of structural theory. http://www.metasynthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html

On the numbers. Reference works revise their values between editions. Where a value matters to a calculation, the precision printed here is the precision to use, and the uncertainty rules in section 23 decide how many figures the answer keeps.

Chemistry data booklet 24

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Chemistry data booklet Updates to the publication 25

Log

Updates to the publication

What changed in the source booklet over the two years before this edition, most recent first. Spelling and typographic corrections are not listed, and this page carries the same changes so that a value you remember from an older printing can be checked.

February 2024

11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths. The F–I bond length was corrected to

191 \times 1 0^{- 12} m

, which is the value printed in section 11 on page 12 of this copy.

18. Acid–base indicators. The pH ranges for bromocresol green, phenol red and phenolphthalein were updated to the latest published data. Section 18 on page 19 carries the revised ranges: 4.0–5.6, 6.4–8.0 and 8.0–10.0.

23. Uncertainties. This section, setting out how uncertainties propagate through sums, products and powers, was added. It is on page 23, below the mass spectral fragment table.

If you are working from an older printing, check these three sections first: they are the ones where a number is most likely to differ from the copy in front of you.

Chemistry data booklet 25

Chemistry:data booklet

Contents

Introduction

Some relevant equations

Physical constants

Metric (SI) multipliers

Unit conversions and standard conditions

The electromagnetic spectrum

Names of the elements

Names of the elements (continued)

The periodic table

Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa

First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

Covalent or average covalent bond lengths

Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies at 298.15 K

Thermodynamic data (selected compounds)

Enthalpies of combustion

Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible spectrum

Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental values)

Triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle)

Acid–base indicators

Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K

Infrared data

¹H NMR data

Mass spectral fragments lost

Uncertainties

References

Updates to the publication

Chemistry:
data booklet